The World Through Borders: The Difficult Journey of Migrants in Transit.

XXI Century’s irregular migrations have been framed as national security issues, receiving as such, millionaire investments to surveil and punish. Consequently terrifying elements such as the State’s security forces, and the extortionist crime have occupied the borders. Under this punitive principle, borders fulfill a critical mission: not letting pass those considered “undesirables”, who do not possess visas o entry permits for the destination countries, or for passing through the transit ones. Under these circumstances, borders prevent and inhibit but never stop the human flow filtering through the borders’ pores, as if it was a ghost following capital looking for a chance to be exploited. In its current metamorphosis, the capital despises and degrades the labor force, selecting and extracting its energy, which once used, is discarded and replaced in an intermittent cycle. The works included in this volume unveil these cycles, questioning and reflecting on the free circulation of people, the nature of border controls, the routes followed by migrants to avoid regulations, and the geopolitical expressions between migrants’ countries of origin and destination.

Introduction                                                                                                                                                                9

Rafael Alonso Hernández López                                                                                                                                    

Notes on the Free Movement of Persons                                                                                                                       19

Juan Artola

Flow Crisis and Permanency in Cuban Emigration in the Light of Restored Relations between Cuba and the United States   45                                                                                                        

María Eugenia Anguiano Téllez and Ernesto Rodríguez Chávez

Mexico’s Southern Border: Concept and Realities in the 21st Century                                                                              81                                                                                                                                                  

Daniel Villafuerte Solís

The Pacific Railroad Route, a Look into Migration in Transit through Western Mexico                                                       107

Rafael Alonso Hernández López

European Border Control Policies: The Case of Poland

Stefan Alscher                                                                                                                                                          131

Final Considerations                                                                                                                                                  159

Rafael Alonso Hernández López

About the Authors                                                                                                                                                     163